[Access to medicines prescribed for acute health conditions in adults in South and Northeast Brazil]. / Acesso a medicamentos para tratamento de condições agudas prescritos a adultos nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil.

This was a cross-sectional study within Brazil's Project for the Expansion and Consolidation of Family Health, 2005, with the objective of universal and free access to the medication prescribed in the last medical appointment for acute health problems and to estimate the degree to which access may have improved with inclusion of the medicines in prevailing policies and programs. The sample included 4,060 adults living in the area of primary health care units in 41 municipalities in South and Northeast Brazil. Access was greater in the South (83.2%) than in the Northeast (71%), and free access was similar (37%), with a greater share by the Family Health Program (FHP) when compared to the traditional model, especially in the Northeast. Some 60% of prescribed medicines and 50% of those on the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME) were paid for. No variation was observed in the proportion of medicines present on the prevailing RENAME list and access. However, 40% of the medicines that were paid for can currently be obtained through the Popular Pharmacy Program. The latter program appears to emerge as a new way to guarantee access to medicines prescribed in the health system.

Acesso a medicamentos para tratamento de condições agudas prescritos a adultos nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil / Access to medicines prescribed for acute health conditions in adults in South and Northeast Brazil / Acceso a medicamentos prescritos para adultos en el tratamiento de enfermedades graves en las regiones sur y nordeste de Brasil

Estudo transversal no âmbito do Projeto de Expansão e Consolidação Saúde da Família de 2005, com o objetivo de avaliar o acesso total e gratuito a medicamentos prescritos na última consulta médica, para problemas agudos de saúde, e estimar quanto o acesso pode ter melhorado com a inclusão dos medicamentos em políticas e programas vigentes. A amostra incluiu 4.060 adultos residentes na área das unidades básicas de saúde de 41 municípios do Sul e Nordeste do Brasil. O acesso foi maior no Sul (83,2%) do que no Nordeste (71%) e o acesso gratuito foi semelhante (37%), com maior participação do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) em relação ao modelo tradicional especialmente no Nordeste. Cerca de 60% dos medicamentos prescritos e 50% dos presentes na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (RENAME) foram pagos. Nenhuma variação foi observada na proporção de medicamentos presentes na RENAME vigente e acesso. Contudo, 40% dos medicamentos que foram pagos podem atualmente ser obtidos por meio do Programa Farmácia Popular. Esse programa parece surgir como uma nova forma de garantir o acesso a medicamentos prescritos no sistema de saúde.

This was a cross-sectional study within Brazil's Project for the Expansion and Consolidation of Family Health, 2005, with the objective of universal and free access to the medication prescribed in the last medical appointment for acute health problems and to estimate the degree to which access may have improved with inclusion of the medicines in prevailing policies and programs. The sample included 4,060 adults living in the area of primary health care units in 41 municipalities in South and Northeast Brazil. Access was greater in the South (83.2%) than in the Northeast (71%), and free access was similar (37%), with a greater share by the Family Health Program (FHP) when compared to the traditional model, especially in the Northeast. Some 60% of prescribed medicines and 50% of those on the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME) were paid for. No variation was observed in the proportion of medicines present on the prevailing RENAME list and access. However, 40% of the medicines that were paid for can currently be obtained through the Popular Pharmacy Program. The latter program appears to emerge as a new way to guarantee access to medicines prescribed in the health system.

Estudio transversal en el ámbito del Proyecto de Expansión y Consolidación Salud de la Familia de 2005, con el objetivo de evaluar el acceso total y gratuito a medicamentos prescritos en la última consulta médica, para problemas graves de salud, y estimar la mejora en su acceso con la inclusión de los mismos en las políticas y programas vigentes. La muestra incluyó a 4.060 adultos, residentes en el área de las unidades básicas de salud de 41 municipios del Sur y Nordeste de Brasil. el acceso fue mayor en el Sur (83,2%) que en el Nordeste (71%) y el acceso gratuito fue semejante (37%) con una mayor participación del Programa Salud de la Familia (PSF), en relación con el modelo tradicional, especialmente en el Nordeste. Cerca de un 60% de los medicamentos prescritos y un 50% de los presentes en la Relación Nacional de Medicamentos Esenciales (RENAME) fueron pagados. No se observó ninguna variación en la proporción de medicamentos presentes en la RENAME vigentes y en acceso. No obstante, un 40% de los medicamentos que fueron pagados pueden ser actualmente obtenidos mediante el Programa Farmacia Popular. Este programa parece surgir como una nueva forma de garantizar el acceso a medicamentos prescritos en el sistema de salud.

Lack of access and continuity of adult health care: a national population-based survey.

OBJECTIVE To describe the lack of access and continuity of health care in adults. METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study was performed on a sample of 12,402 adults aged 20 to 59 years in urban areas of 100 municipalities of 23 states in the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. Barriers to the access and continuity of health care and were investigated based on receiving, needing and seeking health care (hospitalization and accident/emergency care in the last 12 months; care provided by a doctor, by other health professional or home care in the last three months). Based on the results obtained by the description of the sample, a projection is provided for adults living in Brazilian urban areas. RESULTS The highest prevalence of lack of access to health services and to provision of care by health professionals was for hospitalization (3.0%), whilst the lowest prevalence was for care provided by a doctor (1.1%). The lack of access to care provided by other health professionals was 2.0%; to accident and emergency services, 2.1%; and to home care, 2.9%. As for prevalences, the greatest absolute lack of access occurred in emergency care (more than 360,000 adults). The main reasons were structural and organizational problems, such as unavailability of hospital beds, of health professionals, of appointments for the type of care needed and charges made for care. CONCLUSIONS The universal right to health care in Brazil has not yet been achieved. These projections can help health care management in scaling the efforts needed to overcome this problem, such as expanding the infrastructure of health services and the workforce.

Lack of access and continuity of adult health care: a national population-based survey / Falta de acesso e de continuidade da atenção à saúde em adultos: inquérito nacional

OBJECTIVE To describe the lack of access and continuity of health care in adults.METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study was performed on a sample of 12,402 adults aged 20 to 59 years in urban areas of 100 municipalities of 23 states in the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. Barriers to the access and continuity of health care and were investigated based on receiving, needing and seeking health care (hospitalization and accident/emergency care in the last 12 months; care provided by a doctor, by other health professional or home care in the last three months). Based on the results obtained by the description of the sample, a projection is provided for adults living in Brazilian urban areas.RESULTS The highest prevalence of lack of access to health services and to provision of care by health professionals was for hospitalization (3.0%), whilst the lowest prevalence was for care provided by a doctor (1.1%). The lack of access to care provided by other health professionals was 2.0%; to accident and emergency services, 2.1%; and to home care, 2.9%. As for prevalences, the greatest absolute lack of access occurred in emergency care (more than 360,000 adults). The main reasons were structural and organizational problems, such as unavailability of hospital beds, of health professionals, of appointments for the type of care needed and charges made for care.CONCLUSIONS The universal right to health care in Brazil has not yet been achieved. These projections can help health care management in scaling the efforts needed to overcome this problem, such as expanding the infrastructure of health services and the workforce.

OBJETIVO Descrever a falta de acesso e de continuidade da atenção à saúde de adultos.MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de base populacional com 12.402 adultos entre 20 e 59 anos, residentes em áreas urbanas de 100 municípios de 23 estados brasileiros, nas cinco regiões geopolíticas. Investigaram-se as barreiras no acesso e na continuidade da atenção a partir do recebimento, necessidade e busca de algum atendimento de saúde (internação hospitalar e pronto-socorro nos 12 meses prévios ao estudo; atendimento médico, de outro profissional de saúde e domiciliar nos três meses prévios). A partir dos resultados obtidos na descrição da amostra, apresenta-se uma projeção para os adultos residentes em áreas urbanas no território nacional.RESULTADOS A prevalência de falta de acesso aos serviços e aos atendimentos com profissionais de saúde mais expressiva foi de 3,0%, para internação hospitalar, enquanto a menor prevalência foi para atendimento médico (1,1%). A falta de acesso para o atendimento com outro profissional de saúde foi de 2,0%; em pronto-socorro, 2,1%; e domiciliar, 2,9%. Quanto às prevalências, o maior número absoluto de falta de acesso foi para atendimentos de urgência (mais de 360.000 adultos). Os principais motivos foram problemas estruturais e organizacionais, como falta de leito, de profissionais, de ficha/vaga do tipo de atendimento necessário e cobrança pelo atendimento.CONCLUSÕES O direito universal à saúde no Brasil ainda não foi alcançado. As projeções podem apoiar a gestão no dimensionamento de esforços dirigidos ao seu enfrentamento, como a ampliação da estrutura física dos serviços e da força de trabalho.

Padrões de utilização de atendimento médico-ambulatorial no Brasil entre usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, da saúde suplementar e de serviços privados / Patterns in the use of outpatient care in Brazil by patients treated through the Brazilian Unified National Health System, private health insurance, and out-of-pocket medical care / Los patrones de uso de atención médica ambulatoria en Brasil entre el Sistema Único de Salud, la salud y los servicios privados suplementarios

Indicadores de oferta, acesso e utilização são úteis para caracterizar os serviços, planejar ações e organizar a demanda. Este estudo descreve padrões de utilização de atendimento médico-ambulatorial e associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, de morbidade, porte do município e região, de acordo com a natureza jurídica do serviço. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com 12.402 adultos brasileiros entre 20 e 59 anos, residentes nas áreas urbanas de 100 municípios nas cinco regiões brasileiras. A prevalência de atendimento médico-ambulatorial nos três meses anteriores à entrevista foi de 34,6%. O Sistema Único de Saúde foi responsável por mais da metade (53,6%) dos atendimentos, algum convênio de saúde foi utilizado por 34% da amostra e os serviços privados por 12,4%, independentemente da região, do porte populacional e da morbidade referida. Os padrões de utilização de serviços de saúde continuam socialmente determinados, resultando da oferta, das características sociodemográficas e do perfil de saúde dos usuários.

Indicators of supply, access, and use of healthcare are helpful for characterizing services, planning activities, and organizing demand. This study describes patterns of use of outpatient care and the associations with demographic and socioeconomic factors, morbidity, population size of the municipality and region, and administrative and financial classification of the provider. This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 12,402 Brazilian adults from 20 to 59 years of age living in urban areas of 100 municipalities from five regions. Prevalence of outpatient care in the three months prior to the interview was 34.6%. The Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) accounted for more than half (53.6%) of the cases, health insurance was used by 34% of the sample, and out-of-pocket services 12.4%, regardless of region, population size, and morbidity profile. Patterns of use of health services remain socially determined, resulting from the supply, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and health profile of users.

Indicadores de la oferta, acceso y uso son útiles para caracterizar los servicios, las actividades de planificación y organización de la demanda. El estudio describe los patrones de uso de tratamiento ambulatorio y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas, morbilidad, tamaño del municipio y de la región, de acuerdo con la naturaleza jurídica del servicio. Se trata de una base poblacional transversal 12.402 adultos brasileños, entre 20 y 59 años, que viven en zonas urbanas de 100 municipios en cinco regiones. La prevalencia de tratamiento ambulatorio en los tres meses anteriores a la entrevista fue del 34,6%. El Sistema Único de Salud fue responsable de más de la mitad (53,6%) de los casos, un plan de salud fue utilizado por el 34% de la muestra y los servicios privados representaron el 12,4%, con independencia de la región, el tamaño de la población y la morbilidad anteriormente. Los patrones de uso de los servicios de salud siguen siendo socialmente determinados, lo que resulta en la oferta, el perfil sociodemográfico y la salud de los usuarios.

[Use of health services in Brazil: association with overweight and body fat indicators]. / Utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil: associação com indicadores de excesso de peso e gordura abdominal.

The aim of the study was to analyze the association between use of health services and obesity in Brazilian adults. We carried out a population-based cross-sectional study in 100 districts of five Brazilian regions. The outcomes were: home care, use of medical services in the primary health care, use of medical services outside of the primary health care, use of emergency services and hospitalization. Excess weight was assessed by measurement of BMI and waist circumference (WC). Among the 8,603 subjects studied, the medical care in the primary health care was 14% and 18% higher among obese and high risk of WC, respectively, after controlled for socio-demographic variables and physical inactivity, but lost significance when adjusted for hypertension and diabetes. For the emergency services, both exposures resulted in increase of nearly 20% in the use of this service, after adjustments. The excess weight increased the use of medical services in the primary health care and emergency services.

Utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil: associação com indicadores de excesso de peso e gordura abdominal / Use of health services in Brazil: association with overweight and body fat indicators / Utilización de los servicios de salud en Brasil y su asociación con el sobrepeso y grasa abdominal

O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a associação entre o uso de serviços de saúde e obesidade em adultos brasileiros. Realizou-se estudo transversal de base populacional em 100 municípios de 23 estados brasileiros. Os desfechos foram: atendimento domiciliar, utilização de serviço médico na unidade básica de saúde (UBS), uso de serviços médicos fora da UBS, uso de pronto-socorro e internação hospitalar. O excesso de peso foi avaliado por aferição do IMC e da circunferência abdominal (CA). Entre os 8.603 sujeitos estudados, o atendimento médico na UBS foi 14% e 18% maior entre obesos e com CA de risco muito aumentado, respectivamente, após ajuste para as variáveis sociodemográficas e sedentarismo, mas perdeu significância quando ajustado para hipertensão e diabetes autorreferidos. Para o pronto-socorro, ambas as exposições implicaram um aumento de cerca de 20% na probabilidade de uso deste serviço, após ajustes. O excesso de peso aumentou a probabilidade de utilização de consulta médica na UBS e em serviços de urgência e emergência.

The aim of the study was to analyze the association between use of health services and obesity in Brazilian adults. We carried out a population-based cross-sectional study in 100 districts of five Brazilian regions. The outcomes were: home care, use of medical services in the primary health care, use of medical services outside of the primary health care, use of emergency services and hospitalization. Excess weight was assessed by measurement of BMI and waist circumference (WC). Among the 8,603 subjects studied, the medical care in the primary health care was 14% and 18% higher among obese and high risk of WC, respectively, after controlled for socio-demographic variables and physical inactivity, but lost significance when adjusted for hypertension and diabetes. For the emergency services, both exposures resulted in increase of nearly 20% in the use of this service, after adjustments. The excess weight increased the use of medical services in the primary health care and emergency services.

Analizar la asociación entre el uso de los servicios de salud y obesidad en adultos brasileños. Se realizó una encuesta transversal de base poblacional en 100 distritos de 23 estados de Brasil. Se verificó el uso de los servicios de salud: atención domiciliaria, servicios médicos en la atención primaria de salud, servicios médicos fuera de la atención primaria de salud, servicio de urgencias y hospitales. El exceso de peso se evaluó por el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de cintura (CC). Entre los 8.603 sujetos estudiados, la atención médica en atención primaria de salud fue 14% y 18% mayor entre los obesos y las personas con CC de alto riesgo, respectivamente, después de ajustar por las variables sociodemográficas y la inactividad física, pero perdió significancia cuando se ajustó por hipertensión y diabetes. En el servicio de urgencias, ambas exposiciones resultaron en un incremento de aproximadamente un 20% en el uso de este servicio, tras los ajustes. El exceso de peso resultó en una mayor utilización de las consultas médicas dentro la atención primaria de salud y de los servicios de urgencias.

Prevalence of overweight and associated factors in under-five-year-old children in urban population in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of overweight in children under five years old from urban households and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out in the five regions of Brazil with a sample of 6,397 children. The World Health Organization 2006 Growth Curves were used and children were considered overweight when Z-score was higher than two standard deviations of weight for height. The following variables were investigated: family income, mothers' education level, race, age, gender, number of siblings, weight at birth and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Proportions were compared with the χ2 test and reasons of prevalence were calculated. Logistic regression was used for the adjusted analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was of 12%. After adjustments, this prevalence was significantly higher among males (p = 0.030) and inversely proportional to the child's age (p = 0.032). White children presented 22% higher overweight prevalence than non-white ones. A linear direct association was verified between weight at birth and overweight (p = 0.000). Children who were breastfed until 120 days presented 34% more prevalence of overweight when compared to the ones who were breastfed for a longer time. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight prevalence was higher in male, under one year old, white children, with more than 3,500 grams of weight at birth and who were exclusively breastfed until 120 days.

Prevalence of overweight and associated factors in under-five-year-old children in urban population in Brazil / Excesso de peso e fatores associados em menores de cinco anos em populações urbanas no Brasil

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of overweight in children under five years old from urban households and to investigate associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out in the five regions of Brazil with a sample of 6,397 children. The World Health Organization 2006 Growth Curves were used and children were considered overweight when Z-score was higher than two standard deviations of weight for height. The following variables were investigated: family income, mothers' education level, race, age, gender, number of siblings, weight at birth and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Proportions were compared with the χ2 test and reasons of prevalence were calculated. Logistic regression was used for the adjusted analysis. Results: The prevalence of overweight was of 12%. After adjustments, this prevalence was significantly higher among males (p = 0.030) and inversely proportional to the child's age (p = 0.032). White children presented 22% higher overweight prevalence than non-white ones. A linear direct association was verified between weight at birth and overweight (p = 0.000). Children who were breastfed until 120 days presented 34% more prevalence of overweight when compared to the ones who were breastfed for a longer time. Conclusions: Overweight prevalence was higher in male, under one year old, white children, with more than 3,500 grams of weight at birth and who were exclusively breastfed until 120 days. .

Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso em menores de cinco anos em famílias urbanas e investigar fatores associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado nas cinco regiões do Brasil, com uma amostra de 6.397 crianças. Foram utilizadas as curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial de Saúde de 2006 e consideradas com excesso de peso crianças com escore Z maior que dois desvios-padrão de peso para a altura. As seguintes variáveis foram investigadas: renda familiar per capita, escolaridade materna, cor, idade, sexo, número de irmãos, peso no nascimento e duração de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Foram comparadas as proporções com o teste do χ2 e calculadas as razões de prevalência. Para a análise ajustada foi utilizada a regressão logística. Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 12% e, após ajuste, foi significativamente maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,030) e inversamente proporcional à idade da criança (p = 0,032). As crianças brancas apresentaram uma prevalência de excesso de peso 22% maior do que as não brancas. Foi verificada uma associação linear direta entre o peso de nascimento e o excesso de peso atual (p = 0,000). Crianças que foram amamentadas até 120 dias apresentaram uma prevalência 34% maior de excesso de peso quando comparadas às que mamaram por mais de 120 dias. Conclusões: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi maior no sexo masculino, em crianças menores de um ano, brancas, com peso de nascimento maior que 3.500 gramas e que foram amamentadas exclusivamente até 120 dias. .

[Patterns in the use of outpatient care in Brazil by patients treated through the Brazilian Unified National Health System, private health insurance, and out-of-pocket medical care]. / Padrões de utilização de atendimento médico-ambulatorial no Brasil entre usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, da saúde suplementar e de serviços privados.

Indicators of supply, access, and use of healthcare are helpful for characterizing services, planning activities, and organizing demand. This study describes patterns of use of outpatient care and the associations with demographic and socioeconomic factors, morbidity, population size of the municipality and region, and administrative and financial classification of the provider. This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 12,402 Brazilian adults from 20 to 59 years of age living in urban areas of 100 municipalities from five regions. Prevalence of outpatient care in the three months prior to the interview was 34.6%. The Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) accounted for more than half (53.6%) of the cases, health insurance was used by 34% of the sample, and out-of-pocket services 12.4%, regardless of region, population size, and morbidity profile. Patterns of use of health services remain socially determined, resulting from the supply, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and health profile of users.

[Physical activity during commuting by adults and elderly in Brazil: prevalence and associated factors]. / Atividade física no deslocamento em adultos e idosos do Brasil: prevalências e fatores associados.

Evidence in the literature shows that physical activity associated with commuting (routine coming and going) can have a positive impact on health. The current study describes physical activity during commuting and some associated factors. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 12,402 adults and 6,624 elderly in 100 municipalities (counties) from 23 States of Brazil. The outcome was based on the commuting section from the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity during commuting (< 150 minutes per week) was 66.6% in adults and 73.9% in the elderly. Among the elderly, the very old showed 25 times higher odds of being insufficiently active as compared to younger elders. Individuals with self-reported "white" skin color were less active in commuting. The findings show that prevalence of physical activity in commuting in Brazil is low, and that encouraging physically active commuting can be an effective strategy for increasing levels of physical activity and improving health.

Atividade física no deslocamento em adultos e idosos do Brasil: prevalências e fatores associados / Physical activity during commuting by adults and elderly in Brazil: prevalence and associated factors / Actividad física en el desplazamiento de adultos y ancianos en Brasil: prevalencias y factores asociados

Evidências na literatura mostram que a atividade física no deslocamento pode contribuir positivamente à saúde. O presente trabalho descreve a atividade física no deslocamento e alguns fatores associados. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra de 12.402 adultos e 6.624 idosos em 100 municípios de 23 estados brasileiros. O desfecho foi operacionalizado pela seção de deslocamento da versão longa do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). A prevalência de atividade física insuficiente no deslocamento (< 150 minutos por semana) foi de 66,6% nos adultos e 73,9% nos idosos. Entre os idosos, aqueles mais velhos apresentaram risco 25 vezes maior de serem insuficientemente ativos em comparação aos mais jovens. Indivíduos com a cor da pele declarada "branca" foram menos ativos no deslocamento. Os resultados mostram que a prevalência de atividade física no deslocamento no Brasil é baixa, e que estimular o deslocamento ativo pode ser uma estratégia para o aumento dos níveis de atividade física geral e melhoria da saúde.

Evidence in the literature shows that physical activity associated with commuting (routine coming and going) can have a positive impact on health. The current study describes physical activity during commuting and some associated factors. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 12,402 adults and 6,624 elderly in 100 municipalities (counties) from 23 States of Brazil. The outcome was based on the commuting section from the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity during commuting (< 150 minutes per week) was 66.6% in adults and 73.9% in the elderly. Among the elderly, the very old showed 25 times higher odds of being insufficiently active as compared to younger elders. Individuals with self-reported "white" skin color were less active in commuting. The findings show that prevalence of physical activity in commuting in Brazil is low, and that encouraging physically active commuting can be an effective strategy for increasing levels of physical activity and improving health.

Evidencias en la literatura muestran que la actividad física en el desplazamiento puede contribuir positivamente a la salud. El presente trabajo describe la actividad física en el desplazamiento y algunos factores asociados a ella. Se realizó un estudio transversal de base poblacional con una muestra de 12.402 adultos y 6.624 ancianos en 100 municipios de 23 estados brasileños. Las conclusiones se extrajeron mediante la operacionalización de la sección de desplazamiento de la versión larga del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). La prevalencia de actividad física insuficiente en el desplazamiento (< 150 minutos por semana) fue de un 66,6% en los adultos y un 73,9% en los ancianos. Entre los ancianos, aquellos más viejos presentaron un riesgo 25 veces mayor de ser insuficientemente activos, en comparación con los más jóvenes. Individuos con un color de piel declarado como "blanco" fueron menos activos en el desplazamiento. Los resultados muestran que la prevalencia de actividad física en el desplazamiento en Brasil es baja, y que estimular el desplazamiento activo puede ser una estrategia para el aumento de los niveles de actividad física general y mejoría de la salud.

Cobertura e adequação do exame citopatológico de colo uterino em estados das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil / Pap test coverage and adequacy in the South and Northeast of Brazil

O câncer de colo do útero é o segundo mais comum em mulheres no Brasil e no mundo e pode ser evitado através da detecção precoce de lesões precursoras. O exame citopatológico de colo uterino ainda é o mais efetivo e eficiente para realizar este rastreamento. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a cobertura e a adequação do exame citopatológico e fatores associados. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 3.939 mulheres que tiveram filho nos últimos dois anos anteriores à pesquisa, distribuídas em 41 municípios brasileiros. A cobertura do exame na vida foi de 75,3% (IC95%: 74,0-76,7) e a adequação foi de 70,7% (IC95%: 69,3-72,1). A adequação associou-se positivamente com idade maior de 25 anos, maior escolaridade, fazer pré-natal na última gestação e consultar para exame ginecológico no último ano. Foi menos frequente entre mulheres do estrato socioeconômico mais baixo e primíparas. Portanto, faz-se necessário fortalecer as ações preventivas para os subgrupos de mulheres mais vulneráveis, assim como potencializar as situações de utilização dos serviços de saúde.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women both in Brazil and elsewhere in the world and can be averted through early detection of precursor lesions. Pap smear is still the most effective and efficient screening test. This study focused on the coverage and adequacy of Pap test and associated factors. The authors adopted a cross-sectional design with a sample of 3,939 women who had given birth in the two previous years in 41 municipalities (counties) of Brazil. Lifetime Pap test coverage was 75.3% (95%CI: 74.0-76.7), and prevalence of adequacy was 70.7% (95%CI: 69.3-72.1). Adequacy was positively associated with age over 25 years, schooling, prenatal care in the last pregnancy, and gynecological visit in the previous year, and was less frequent among primiparous women and those with lower socioeconomic status. It is thus necessary to strengthen preventive measures in vulnerable subgroups and maximize situations for use of health services.

Autorrelato de diabetes e atividade física no Brasil / Self-reported of diabetes and physical activity in Brazil

Embora exista um consenso de que a prática de atividade física (AF) ajuda a prevenir o Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e melhorar a qualidade de vida destes indivíduos, ainda é alta a prevalência de inatividade física entre os diferentes grupos etários de pessoas. O presente artigo descreve a prevalência de autorrelato de DM, o nível de AF desta população e variáveis associadas a este desfecho em adultos e idosos brasileiros. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra de 12.402 adultos e 6.624 idosos de 23 estados brasileiros. A prevalência de autorrelato de DM na população de adultos foi de 3,5% (IC95% 3,2-3,9), enquanto nos idosos foi de 16,9% (IC95% 15,9-17,8). Em relação à prática de AF observou-se que entre os indivíduos que relataram ter DM, 82,6% (IC95% 79,0-86,1) dos adultos e 88,2% (IC95% 86,3-90,1) dos idosos foram considerados insuficientemente ativos. Por outro lado, entre os indivíduos que não relataram DM a prevalência de indivíduos insuficientemente ativos entre os adultos e idosos foi de 82,5% (IC95% 81,9-83,2) e 86,3% (IC95% 85,4-87,2) respectivamente. É a alta prevalência de inatividade física entre os indivíduos que relatam ou não o DM.

Although there is a consensus that the practice of physical activity (PA) helps prevent Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and improve the quality of life of individuals, it is still a high prevalence of physical inactivity among different age groups of people. This article describes the prevalence of self-report of DM, the level of PA of this population and variables associated with this outcome in Brazilian adults and elderly individuals. A cross-sectional population-based was conducted with a sample of 12,402 adults and 6,624 elderly individuals from 23 Brazilian states. The prevalence of self-reported DM in the adult population was 3.5% (IC95% 3,2-3,9), while in the elderly one was 16.9% (IC95% 15,9-17,8). Regarding the PA practice, it was observed that among individuals reporting diabetes, 82.6% (95% CI 79.0-86.1) of adults and 88.2% (95% CI 86.3-90.1) of the elderly were considered insufficiently active. Moreover, among individuals that did not reported DM, the prevalence of PA insufficient was 82.5% (95% CI 81.9-83.2) and 86.3% (95% CI 85.4-87.2) respectively. It is high the prevalence of physical inactivity among individuals who report or not the DM.

Promoção, prevenção e cuidado da hipertensão arterial no Brasil / Promotion, prevention and arterial hypertension care in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de ações de promoção, prevenção e cuidado da hipertensão arterial em adultos e identificar sua associação com estado descompensado de hipertensão. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico transversal de base populacional realizado por meio de entrevista com 12.324 adultos, de 20 a 59 anos, em 100 municípios brasileiros. As variáveis independentes, consideradas como promoção, prevenção e cuidado, foram: ter recebido orientações sobre a manutenção do peso ideal e sobre atividade física; ter consultado um médico e ter realizado eletrocardiograma no último ano. Pressão arterial acima de 140/90 mmHg foi considerada estado descompensado, sendo a variável dependente para a avaliação da qualidade do cuidado. RESULTADOS: Do total, 16,3% (n = 2.004) referiram diagnóstico médico de hipertensão. As maiores prevalências de hipertensão foram observadas na categoria de idade de 50 a 59 anos, concentradas nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Mais da metade (66,1%) esteve em consulta médica por hipertensão no último ano, da qual metade (52,4%) realizou eletrocardiograma. Dos hipertensos que tiveram sua pressão arterial aferida na entrevista (74,6%), menos da metade (42,4%) apresentava cifras tensionais descompensadas. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve associação entre haver consultado médico no último ano e cifras tensionais descompensadas. A proporção de hipertensos descompensados foi significativamente menor entre os que foram orientados para manter o peso ideal, realizar atividade física e os que fizeram eletrocardiograma. Ser do sexo masculino, ter idade acima de 40 anos e habitar na região Sul mostraram-se associados a estado descompensado da hipertensão.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of promotion, prevention and arterial hypertension care actions in adults and to identify their association with decompensated hypertension. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted by interviewing 12,324 adults aged from 20 to 59 years, in 100 Brazilian cities. The independent variables considered as promotion, prevention and hypertension care were as follows: to have received guidance on ideal weight maintenance and physical activity practice; to have consulted a doctor; and to have had an electrocardiogram performed in the previous year. A blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm/Hg was considered to be decompensated, being the dependent variable adopted to assess quality of care. RESULTS: Of all participants, 16.3% (n = 2,004) reported a medical diagnosis of hypertension. The highest prevalences of hypertension were observed in the 50 to 59 year age group, primarily in the Southeast and Center-West regions. More than half (66.1%) of participants had a medical consultation about hypertension in the previous year, of which half (52.4%) had an electrocardiogram. Of all those with hypertension who had their blood pressure measured during interview (74.6%), less than half (42.4%) had decompensated values. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between having consulted a doctor in the previous year and decompensated blood pressure values. The proportion of decompensated hypertensive participants was significantly lower among those who had received guidance on ideal weight maintenance and physical activity practice and those who had had an electrocardiogram performed. The following factors were associated with decompensated hypertension: to be male, to be aged more than 40 years and to live in the South region.

Promotion, prevention and arterial hypertension care in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of promotion, prevention and arterial hypertension care actions in adults and to identify their association with decompensated hypertension. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted by interviewing 12,324 adults aged from 20 to 59 years, in 100 Brazilian cities. The independent variables considered as promotion, prevention and hypertension care were as follows: to have received guidance on ideal weight maintenance and physical activity practice; to have consulted a doctor; and to have had an electrocardiogram performed in the previous year. A blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm/Hg was considered to be decompensated, being the dependent variable adopted to assess quality of care. RESULTS: Of all participants, 16.3% (n = 2,004) reported a medical diagnosis of hypertension. The highest prevalences of hypertension were observed in the 50 to 59 year age group, primarily in the Southeast and Center-West regions. More than half (66.1%) of participants had a medical consultation about hypertension in the previous year, of which half (52.4%) had an electrocardiogram. Of all those with hypertension who had their blood pressure measured during interview (74.6%), less than half (42.4%) had decompensated values. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between having consulted a doctor in the previous year and decompensated blood pressure values. The proportion of decompensated hypertensive participants was significantly lower among those who had received guidance on ideal weight maintenance and physical activity practice and those who had had an electrocardiogram performed. The following factors were associated with decompensated hypertension: to be male, to be aged more than 40 years and to live in the South region.

[Prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders among primary healthcare workers in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil]. / Prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos menores em trabalhadores da atenção primária à saúde das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil.

Mental health problems are among the most prevalent conditions in health workers. We evaluated the prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders and associated factors among primary healthcare workers. The study design was cross-sectional and services-based, in 240 primary healthcare units in 41 municipalities (counties) with more than 100 thousand inhabitants in seven States in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. A total of 4,749 primary healthcare workers were interviewed, and prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders was 16%, with no statistical differences according to region or primary care model. The rate was higher in community health workers and other workers with secondary education (18%) and lower in health professionals with university training (10%); while physicians (15%) and nurses and nurse technicians (14.6%) were in an intermediate situation (p < 0.001). Occupational characteristics showed the strongest association with the occurrence of minor psychiatric disorders according to the adjusted analysis, suggesting that their reduction requires improvements in work conditions in primary healthcare and in the management of the Unified National Health System.

Prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos menores em trabalhadores da atenção primária à saúde das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil / Prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders among primary healthcare workers in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil

Os problemas de saúde mental estão entre os mais prevalentes em trabalhadores de saúde. Foram avaliados a prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos menores e os fatores associados em trabalhadores da atenção primária à saúde. O delineamento foi transversal com base em 240 unidades básicas de saúde de 41 municípios acima de 100 mil habitantes de sete estados das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil. Foram entrevistados 4.749 trabalhadores, e a prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos menores foi de 16 por cento, sem diferenças estatísticas por região e modelo de atenção. Foi maior em agentes comunitários de saúde e outros trabalhadores de nível médio (18 por cento), menor em outros profissionais de nível superior (10 por cento), ficando médicos (15 por cento) e profissionais de enfermagem (14,6 por cento) em posição intermediária (p < 0,001). As características ocupacionais apresentaram a mais forte associação com a ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos menores na análise ajustada, sugerindo que sua redução depende de melhorias nas condições de trabalho na atenção primária à saúde e na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Mental health problems are among the most prevalent conditions in health workers. We evaluated the prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders and associated factors among primary healthcare workers. The study design was cross-sectional and services-based, in 240 primary healthcare units in 41 municipalities (counties) with more than 100 thousand inhabitants in seven States in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. A total of 4,749 primary healthcare workers were interviewed, and prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders was 16 percent, with no statistical differences according to region or primary care model. The rate was higher in community health workers and other workers with secondary education (18 percent) and lower in health professionals with university training (10 percent); while physicians (15 percent) and nurses and nurse technicians (14.6 percent) were in an intermediate situation (p < 0.001). Occupational characteristics showed the strongest association with the occurrence of minor psychiatric disorders according to the adjusted analysis, suggesting that their reduction requires improvements in work conditions in primary healthcare and in the management of the Unified National Health System.

[Pap test coverage and adequacy in the South and Northeast of Brazil]. / Cobertura e adequação do exame citopatológico de colo uterino em estados das regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women both in Brazil and elsewhere in the world and can be averted through early detection of precursor lesions. Pap smear is still the most effective and efficient screening test. This study focused on the coverage and adequacy of Pap test and associated factors. The authors adopted a cross-sectional design with a sample of 3,939 women who had given birth in the two previous years in 41 municipalities (counties) of Brazil. Lifetime Pap test coverage was 75.3% (95%CI: 74.0-76.7), and prevalence of adequacy was 70.7% (95%CI: 69.3-72.1). Adequacy was positively associated with age over 25 years, schooling, prenatal care in the last pregnancy, and gynecological visit in the previous year, and was less frequent among primiparous women and those with lower socioeconomic status. It is thus necessary to strengthen preventive measures in vulnerable subgroups and maximize situations for use of health services.

[Characteristics of primary healthcare service use in the southern and northeastern regions of Brazil: differences by care model]. / Características da utilização de serviços de atenção básica à saúde nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil: diferenças por modelo de atenção.

In view of the emphasis on primary care for the health system and the consolidation of Family Healthcare Strategy, it is important that information on attended demand be updated to assist in administration of the Unified Health System (UHS). The study compared the profile of attended demand in basic healthcare units (BHU) of two care models (traditional and family health) in 240 BHU of seven states of the South and the Northeast. Collected on a prepared form, all patients attended in a single day were processed with the PACOTAPS application. 26,019 patients were attended, 52% in the South and 48% in the Northeast; one third in Traditional BHU and 67% in BHU of FHP. The highest proportion of patients attended was females aged between 15 and 49 (36%), with significant differences between the models, being higher in BHU of FHP. The second highest proportion was people aged 50 or older (30%), significantly higher in Traditional BHU. The most commonly registered procedures were basic nursing cases (33%), with higher proportion in Traditional BHCU. The proportion of medical appointments was 22%, double in Traditional BHCU. The profile of the demand reflected the differences between the ongoing care models in the country and may provide the organization of work processes in basic care.